0 Landasan Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini

Landasan Yuridis Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini

Dalam Amandemen UUD 1945 pasal 28 B ayat 2 dinyatakan bahwa ”Setiap anak berhak atas kelangsungan hidup, tumbuh dan berkembang serta berhak atas perlindungan dari kekerasan dan diskriminasi”.

Dalam UU NO. 23 Tahun 2002 Pasal 9 Ayat 1 tentang Perlindungan Anak dinyatakan bahwa ”Setiap anak berhak memperoleh pendidikan dan pengajaran dalam rangka pengembangan pribadinya dan tingkat kecerdasarnya sesuai dengan minat dan bakatnya”.

Dalam UU NO. 20 TAHUN 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional Bab 1, Pasal 1, Butir 14 dinyatakan bahwa ”Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini adalah suatu upaya pembinaan yang ditujukan kepada anak sejak lahir sampai dengan usia 6 tahun yang dilakukan melalui pemberian rangsangan pendidikan untuk membantu pertumbuhan dan perkembangan jasmani dan rohani agar anak memiliki kesiapan dalam memasuki pendidikan lebih lanjut”. Sedangkan pada pasal 28 tentang Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini dinyatakan bahwa ”(1) Pendidikan Anak usia dini diselenggarakan sebelum jenjang pendidikan dasar, (2) Pendidkan anak usia dini dapat diselenggarakan melalui jalur pendidkan formal, non formal, dan/atau informal, (3) Pendidikan anak usia dini jalur pendidikan formal: TK, RA, atau bentuk lain yang sederajat, (4) Pendidikan anak usia dini jalur pendidikan non formal: KB, TPA, atau bentuk lain yang sederajat, (5) Pendidikan usia dini jalur pendidikan informal: pendidikan keluarga atau pendidikan yang diselenggarakan oleh lingkungan, dan (6) Ketentuan mengenai pendidikan anak usia dini sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat (1), ayat (2), ayat (3), dan ayat (4) diatur lebih lanjut dengan peraturan pemerintah.”

0 Pengertian dan Karakteristik Anak Usia Dini

Dalam undang-undang tentang sistem pendidikan nasional dinyatakan bahwa pendidikan anak usia dini adalah suatu upaya pembinaan yang ditujukan kepada anak sejak lahir sampai dengan usia enam tahun yang dilakukan melalui pemberian rangsangan pendidikan untuk membantu pertumbuhan dan perkembangan jasmani dan rohani agar anak memiliki kesiapan dalam memasuki pendidikan lebih lanjut (UU Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 Bab I Pasal 1 Ayat 14).

Anak usia dini adalah anak yang baru dilahirkan sampai usia 6 tahun. Usia ini merupakan usia yang sangat menentukan dalam pembentukan karakter dan kepribadian anak (Yuliani Nurani Sujiono, 2009: 7). Usia dini merupakan usia di mana anak mengalami pertumbuhan dan perkembangan yang pesat. Usia dini disebut sebagai usia emas (golden age). Makanan yang bergizi yang seimbang serta stimulasi yang intensif sangat dibutuhkan untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tersebut.

0 KARAKTERISTIK ANAK USIA SD

Pertumbuhan Fisik atau Jasmani

1.      Perkembangan fisik atau jasmani anak sangat berbeda satu sama lain, sekalipun anak-anak tersebut usianya relatif sama, bahkan dalam kondisi ekonomi yang relatif sama pula. Sedangkan pertumbuhan anak-anak berbeda ras juga menunjukkan perbedaan yang menyolok. Hal ini antara lain disebabkan perbedaan gizi, lingkungan, perlakuan orang tua terhadap anak, kebiasaan hidup dan lain-lain.

2.      Nutrisi dan kesehatan amat mempengaruhi perkembangan fisik anak. Kekurangan nutrisi dapat menyebabkan pertumbuhan anak menjadi lamban, kurang berdaya dan tidak aktif. Sebaliknya anak yang memperoleh makanan yang bergizi, lingkungan yang menunjang, perlakuan orang tua serta kebiasaan hidup yang baik akan menunjang pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak.

3.      Olahraga juga merupakan faktor penting pada pertumbuhan fisik anak. Anak yang kurang berolahraga atau tidak aktif sering kali menderita kegemukan atau kelebihan berat badan yang dapat mengganggu gerak dan kesehatan anak.

4.      Orang tua harus selalu memperhatikan berbagai macam penyakit yang sering kali diderita anak, misalnya bertalian dengan kesehatan penglihatan (mata), gigi, panas, dan lain-lain. Oleh karena itu orang tua selalu memperhatikan kebutuhan utama anak, antara lain kebutuhan gizi, kesehatan dan kebugaran jasmani yang dapat dilakukan setiap hari sekalipun sederhana.

0 KEKASIH

Kekasih…
Laksana cermin dalam resonansi jiwa
Yang menggetarkan palung hati hingga keraga
Dan menghantarkan kehangatan bara
dari bekunya hati sang kelana

kekasih…
kesetiaan agung pada dera kerinduan
laksana pantai menanti ombak dalam pelukan
yang teredam pada dalamnya kebisuan

kekasih…
seperti bunga yang menjaga tingginya kuncup
pucuk-pucuk kasihmu tak juga meredup
mencumbui lautan sukma yang kuyup
dalam serenade desiran angin sayup

0 TOLONG

Raut wajahmu selalu terbayang
Suaramu selalu terngiang di telingaku
sentuhan tanganmu masih terasa
pelukanmu masih terasa hangat

Ku ingin selalu berada disisimu
ku mau ada saat kau terbangun
ku masih butuh belayan mesramu
ku tak mau kau pergi dariku

akankah dia dapat kumiliki kembali
akankah dia bisa kudapati lagi

0 ANALYSIS OF EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE AND INFLATION OF IMPORTED GOODS

 

 

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND
At first, our ancestors had to trade or sale, if any at that time only limited by barter or exchange of goods with the goods in the local market or market area alone, the market or the trade that occurs between people who live near or know each other so that the nature of their markets only regional.
Ancient times our ancestors beleum familiar coin so they make a deal with the exchange of goods with the goods. However, over time people started finding gold and silver as payment in doing transaksi.pada as the use of gold and silver they began to implement trade between regions, and even trade internasional.mereka set for a share something good by using a certain weight of gold and silver were equal value or approved by them.
Later developments overseas trade remained elevated itself ie international trade which includes exports and imports of goods and services began to increase so that people start to carry out international trade.
Nowadays people do trade both within the country and with other countries so that the payment using money as a means of payment for goods and services both payments both exports and imports both payment payments people always use money as a tool pembayaran.disamping it in payments between countries there is a specificity that is not in payment traffic in this negeri.hal deisebabkan because every country menpunyai own currency and the currency is valid as legal tender within specific geographical boundaries and regions also power itself will tetapitidak accepted by other countries as a means of payment unless there is an agreement and economic cooperation between the two countries.
Generally people a share exchange or foreign exchange would be accepted by the international community, generally obtained from Timor Leste expor.namun menpunyai not export high for a share of foreign exchange used to import menbayar results.
In the international balance of payments of Timor Leste in this regard Shop Store Timor pay for imports of goods both alcoholic beer is stellar and beer cans and other merchandise using the $ U.S. currency to pay for all transactions both exports and imports both payment payment of goods and services a country lainnya.karena different currencies and the exchange rate were to fluctuate from time to time will result in the number of imported goods dropped an penimpor currency decline.
In economic terms stated that if the value of the country's currency exchange rate strengthened against the other then it will be a lot negar import in other countries such as Timor menpunyai apabilaTimor $ exchange rate high on exchange rates of other countries as Timor Leste menggunaka U.S. $ U.S. currency, the Timor Leste to import more goods and services from other countries and vice versa U.S. $ exchange rate weakened against other countries then Timor Leste to import goods and services from other countries in small amounts.
Changes in international trade problems always happen sometimes cheap and sometimes expensive price this is caused by the exchange rate as an importer or exporter to use tool pembayaran.harga-price rise as a result of printing new money with the easiest, soaring wages at -when high unemployment pushing up prices of goods and services in the country steadily increased the impact on the overall economy.
Since the rise, the country experienced a slump in the country's economy is difficult to organize the import of goods and services from the country's very high because of all the expensive costs caused everyone not import so that the country's exports decreases causing deficits occur even in inflation-description as the description berkepanjangan.Dari above, the authors draw TITLE "PENGARUGH ANALYSIS AND INFLATION RATE OF GOODS"

1.2. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM.

In writing this paper the following problems can be formulated as follows:
1) Is the exchange rate and inflation affect the import of goods from abroad?
(Case studies on BPA Office and Shop Store Timor)

1.3. PURPOSE and OBJECTIVES

1.3.2 1.3.1 The purpose of the study is:


The purpose of writing this paper is to implementing the theories learned from all the courses like: Monetary Economics, Micro & Macro Economics, Economic Planning, Public Economics and economic development into the reality of life the people of East Timor.

1.3.3 The purpose of the study is:

Want to know the effect of the exchange rate and inflation on imported goods from abroad.
Want to know how much percentage rate and inflation menpengaruhi import goods from abroad.
To find out what the advantages of doing trade with foreign countries.

1.4 Usability
The usefulness of the research by the author in the preparation of this paper are:
1.4.1 Uses for science as a comparison of the knowledge gained in college banku with practice in the field.
1.4.2 Usefulness for decision-making.
ü The basis for making decisions on trade, exchange rate and inflation in the future.
ü As a means of controlling the implementation of the.
ü As a basis for the evaluation of government decision-making in times to come.
1.4.3 Usability Researcher
ü To understand an increase or decrease in the Timor-Leste economy is influenced by the exchange rate, inflation and imports.
ü As a tool to analyze the events that mengyangkut rising inflation and the exchange rate and the exchange rate and inflation reduction menpunyai economic impact on East Timor.

1.5 Scope of Writing Papers.
In writing this paper the author outlines hal2 causing an increase in the exchange rate and inflation on economic growth in Timor Leste and the effect of exchange rates and international trade in particular inflation on imported goods from abroad.
Obyak the authors focus in the study is the rate of inflation as well as imported goods and beverages.
1.6 Systematic Writing.
INTRODUCTION BAB.I
1.1 Background
1.2 Problem Formulation
1.3 Purpose and Objectives
1.4 Usability
1.5 Scope
1.6 Systematic Writing
BAB.II TINJAUN REFERENCES
2.1 Basis Toeri

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY BAB.III
3.1 Research Sites
3.2 Object of Research
3.3 Type of Research
3.4 Types of Data
3.5 Sources of Data
3.6 Method of Data Collection
3.7 Data in Need
3.8 Research Variables
3.9 Operational Definition
3.10 Research
3:11 Model
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION BAB.IV
4.1 Results
4.2 Discussion
CLOSING BAB.V
5.1 conclusions
5.2 Suggestions

Bibliography

CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL

Theory of International Trade (IMPORT)
Theory Heekseher - Ohlin trade patterns using the abundant factor intensively and import goods that use factors of production steps (Peter H.Lindert, 32; 1995)
According to Ricardo Reveals about the comparative advantages that each country has a comparative advantage in something and a share of benefits and menperdagangkannya lain.dari goods in exchange for the above theory can menimpulkan that every country in the world in international trade will export any goods produced at relatively prosperity will importing goods produced its own is too expensive (Peter H.Lindert, 23; 1995)
According to Adam Smith expressed toeri excellence muklat (Absolute Advantage) is a country gains from the conduct spealisasi.kegiatan production carried out on the goods in the country that efficiency is higher than in other countries.
Theory of Foreign Exchange Rates or foreign currency is the currency type used by countries lain.nilai foreign currency is a value that indicates domestic currency needed to get one unit of currency asing.suatu foreign currency and other factors factors that result in changes in the value of the exchange period panjang.pada There are basically three ways to determine the level of foreign exchange rate is free, stabilized the exchange rate.
free rate (floating exchange rate) foreign exchange rates are determined in a free market depends on the demand and supply of foreign currency.
Factors menpengaruhi to change.
ü Changes in public taste
ü Changes in export prices
ü The increase in general prices (inflation)
ü Changes in interest rates and investment returns

B.Kurs fixed (fixed exchange rate) is usually a fixed exchange rate is set by the government
And usually called official rate
C.Kurs in stabilizing (Managed floating rate) rate is usually held by international bodies in charge of the IMF's finances in order menperlancar international payment traffic at the exchange rate stabilized.

The theory of purchasing power perity (PPP)
According Gustava Bassel "Power perity Parchasing theory" says that the ratio of the value of one currency to another currency is determined by the purchasing power of money for goods and services. (Nopirin Ph.D.183: 1995)

Theory of Inflation
Inflation is the rise in the prices of goods generally constant within panjang.kenaikan goods are intended harga.Beberapa index measured using the price index used to measure inflation.
consumer price index is a parameter to measure the costs or expenditure required to purchase a number of items purchased by households living purposes.
wholesale trade price index focuses on major trade goods.
GNP deflator is a type of index that caps a the types of goods are different from both sebelumnya.GNP deflator index includes the amount of goods and services included in the calculation of GNP.
Inflation is a general rise in prices continuously and persistan of an economy (Hera Susanti, Moh.Ikhsan Widyanti 42: 1995)
Macroeconomic indicators of the 2nd agency issuing UI economics faculty.
According to the quantity theory of inflation is the main reason arises: excess demand caused by changes in the money supply (Nopirin, 177:2000)
Inflation may lead to a change in the pattern of distribution of income and wealth masyarakat.inflasi as if it were a tax man and a subsidy for others (Nopirin, 128:2000)
Inflation is nothing but a tax on cash balances held by the public as money increasingly worthless. (Boediono, 168: 1985)
According to a 1978 Ackley cited by Iswardono stated that inflation is an increase in constant prices of goods and services in general.
According Iswardono relative price change process is seen as a major factor causing inflasi.pendekatan is supported by three groups who call themselves fiscal and micksel group focused on things that are "non-objects" while this group puts money in penyebabnya.kelompok fiscal behavior of states that generally the result of government spending, tax structures and tax payers as well as the model budget deficits and fiscal kebijakn lainnya.kelompok micksel some explanation on antisioasi producer focused on profits.
According to Paul A.Samelson define inflation occurs when the price level and general expenses naik.dalam above understanding we can draw the conclusion during the time of the price and cost inflation increased in the same proportion and rarely the same rate of increase in the inflation rate. (296 : 1997)
Phillips curve is "choice theory" or the trade-off theory of inflation "in the view or theory of a state or nation can achieve lower unemployment if willing to sacrifice whatever inflation tinggi.selain it this bad choices (trade-off) can survive in the short and long term. (Paul A.Samelson and Wilhiam D.Norhhus, 327: 1997)

CHAPTER III
METHODS

3.1 Research Sites.
In writing this paper was the study site Banking Off Payment Authority (BPA) and Shop Store Timor.

3.2 Object of Research

In writing this paper the object of the research is:
The exchange rate of USD against imported goods from abroad.
Inflation on imports.

3.3 Type of Research.
This research is a secondary data processing or data already available in the CPA and Shop Store Timor.

3.4 Data Types.
The data used in this study is that quantitative data is data in the form of the numbers can be calculated, which in this calculation to calculate the entire exchange and inflation that caused imports decreased or increased
3.5 Sources of Data.
The data used in this study is a secondary data or data that has been collected by others, namely Banking Off Payment Authority (BPA) and the Data Store Store Timor.

3.6 Data in Need.
In this study, the data required are: all data exchange and data on the impact of inflation on the merchant menpunyai small merchant market revenues (particularly imports from abroad)
3.7 Research Variables.
The variables in this study are:
1. The independent variables in this study are: the exchange rate
2. The independent variables in this study are: Inflation
3.8 Operational Definition.
Operational definitions here with a view to explaining the meaning of the title of the writing of this paper.
1. exchange rate is the value of a country's currency either high or low on the purchasing power of goods or services in transactions both transactions between local and international transactions.
2. Inflation is a situation where the price of general goods and services rose continuously impacting on the economy of a country.
3. Imports are one aspect of international trade is done between a country.
3.9

CHAPTER IV
CLOSING

5.1 Conclusions
In writing this paper as for the conclusions that we take is as follows:
In discussing or writing of this paper the effect of inflation on imports is stronger than the effect of exchange rate on imports of alcoholic goods as the dependent variable.

5.1 Suggestion

In writing this paper as for suggestions that will be reported are as follows:
a) recommend to the government through bank BPA (Banking Off Payment Authority) to control the money supply so that ultimately menpengaruhi in a stable trade.
b) Judging from the results of the calculation of the influence of both the effects of inflation are equally menpengaruhi import so our hopes on the government to look at the future and menperbaiki barriers in import and export between the countries can work well.